Author Archives: KristysStanton

CURRICULUM VITAE

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CURRICULUM VITAE

 Dr. Charles D. Stanton (Independent Scholar)

1790 Bayshore Drive, #1004
Vancouver BC  V6G 3G5
Email:  charles.stanton@cantab.net

Academic Qualifications:

2008  PhD in Medieval History at the University of Cambridge.
Dissertation: “Norman Naval Power in the Mediterranean in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries”

2005  Master of Philosophy in History at the University of Cambridge. Thesis:“From Conqueror to Count: Roger de Hauteville’s Journey to Legitimacy”

1975  Master of Arts in History at the University of West Florida.
Thesis: “The Triumph of West Italian Sea Power in the Mediterranean”

1971  Bachelor of Arts (Honors) in Political Science at the University
of California at Riverside

Language Proficiency:

Conversant in English, French and Italian; literate in Latin

Publications:

2022  “Struggle for the Strait”, Mapping Premodern Sicily:  Maritime Violence, Cultural Exchange, and Imagination in the Mediterranean, 800—1700, eds  Emily Sohmer Tai and Kathryn L. Reyerson (Cham, Switzerland, 2022)

2021  “The Norman Siege of Bari, 1068-71”, Rethinking Norman Sicily, Studies in Honour of Graham A. Loud,  eds Joanna Drell and Paul Oldfield (Manchester, 2021)

2020  “The Norman Kingdom of Sicily:  Projecting Power by Sea”, Warfare in the Norman Mediterranean, ed. Georgios Theotokis (Woodbridge, 2020)

2019  Roger of Lauria (c. 1250-1305): ‘Admiral of Admirals’ (Woodbridge, 2019)

2018  “Les galères, la guerre navale et le problème de l’eau potable en Méditerranée au Moyen Âge”, Revue d’histoire maritime (Sorbonne Université, Vol. 25, 2018)

2017  “George of Antioch: Architect of Norman Naval Power”, presented at Normans in the South Conference, St Edmund Hall, University of Oxford (30 June 2017)

2015  Medieval Maritime Warfare (Barnsley 2015)

2013  “Anonymous Vaticanus: Another Source for the Normans in the South?”,  Haskins Society Journal (Vol. 23, 2013)

           “The Battle of Civitate: A Plausible Account”, Journal of Medieval Military History (Vol. XI, 2013)

          Book Review: Ruthy Gertwagen and Elizabeth Jeffreys, eds, Shipping, Trade and Crusade in the Medieval Mediterranean, Studies in Honour of John Pryor (Farnham, 2012) in Journal of Transport History (Vol. 34, 2013)

2012  Technical Contributor: Thomas Asbridge, The Crusades (BBC Two 3-part  Documentary), Part 2: The Clash of Titans (the fleet of Richard the Lionheart)

2011  Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean (Woodbridge, 2011)

2010  “Roger de Hauteville, Emir of Sicily”, Mediterranean Historical Review (December 2010, Vol. 25, Issue 2)

2009  “The Naval Strategy of Roger II, King of Sicily”, New Interpretations in Naval History, ed. M. Yu (Annapolis, 2009) (15th Naval Symposium Prize Winner)

2007  “The Use of Naval Power in the Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily” (Bethell Prize), Haskins Society Journal (Vol. 19, 2007)

Professional Experience:  Airline Transport Pilot Rating with B-737 Type Rating

1997-2004  Pilot, Northwest Airlines (MD-80, Airbus 319/320)

1992-1997  Pilot, Horizon Air (Metroliner, Fokker 28)

1972-1992  Naval officer/aviator, United States Navy (6 personal decorations for merit)

Current Project:  Naval Warfare during the Crusades

Leisure Pursuits:  Independent travel and running with wife Kristy Sue

 

Posted in CV.

Roger of Lauria – Admiral of Admirals

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            Just before Vespers on 30 March 1282 at the Church of the Holy Spirit on the outskirts of Palermo, a drunken soldier of the occupying French forces of Charles of Anjou accosted a young Sicilian noblewoman.  It sparked a bloody conflagration that would ultimately involve every part of the Mediterranean.  The subsequent struggle for the coveted throne of Sicily would span a score and eventually enmesh all the great powers of medieval Europe – most notably the pope, the Byzantine Emperor and the kings of France, England and Aragon.  Because the core of the Kingdom of Sicily was a wealthy, strategic island dominating the centre of the Middle Sea, the War of the Sicilian Vespers was fought mostly at sea.  And in war at sea, a single protagonist proved preeminent:  Roger of Lauria – Aragon’s ‘Admiral of Admirals’.

            In twenty years of naval combat, he orchestrated lopsided victories in six pitched battles and numerous limited actions throughout the Mediterranean, never once suffering a defeat:  a feat never equalled – not even by the legendary Lord Horatio Nelson.  Drawing from multiple Sicilian and Catalan sources as well as Angevin and Aragonese registers, this chronological narrative details the tactics and strategy Lauria employed to become the most successful galley fleet commander of the Middle Ages, while highlighting a crucial conflict at a pivotal point in European history, long overshadowed by the Hundred Years’ War.

Synopsis of Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean

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The rise of Norman naval power in the central Mediterranean in the eleventh and twelfth centuries prompted a seminal shift in the balance of power on the sea. Drawing from Latin, Greek, Jewish and Arabic sources, this book details how the House of Hauteville, particularly under Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger, used sea power to accomplish what the Papacy, the German Empire and the Eastern Empire could not: the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily from Islam. The subsequent establishment of an aggressive naval presence on Sicily, first by Roger de Hauteville and then by his son Roger II, effectively wrested control of the central Mediterranean from Byzantine and Muslim maritime hegemony, opening the sea to east-west shipping. The author goes on to describe how this development, in turn, emboldened the West Italian maritime republics, principally Genoa and Pisa, to expand eastward in conjunction with the Crusades. It was, quite literally, a sea change, ushering in a new period of western maritime ascendancy which has persisted into the modern era.








Medieval Maritime Warfare

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Following the fall of Rome, the sea is increasingly the stage upon which the human struggle of western civilization is played out. In a world of few roads and great disorder, the sea is the medium on which power is projected and wealth sought. Yet this confused period in the history of maritime warfare has rarely been studied – it is little known and even less understood.

Charles Stanton uses an innovative and involving approach to describe this fascinating but neglected facet of European medieval history. He depicts the development of maritime warfare from the end of the Roman Empire to the dawn of the Renaissance in the course of ten identifiable periods of conflict at sea. Dividing the discussion into two parts, he details the wars waged in the Mediterranean by the Byzantines, Muslims, Normans, Crusaders, the Italian maritime republics, Angevins and Aragonese as well as those fought in northern waters by the Vikings, English, French and the Hanseatic League. Each seaborne struggle is illustrated by a vivid reconstruction of a key engagement.

Despite the limited documentary and archaeological evidence, Stanton paints a plausible and captivating picture of how nautical architecture, navigation and armament evolved in the course of these conflicts spanning the Middle Ages. He shows how, even though maritime technology gradually advanced to the compass and the canon, crew conditions remained onerous and battle tactics crude with most encounters at sea degenerating into bloody hand-to-hand mêlées








Selected Bibliography for Medieval Maritime Warfare

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Primary Sources

Abbo of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, Viking Attacks on Paris: Bella parisiacae urbis, trans. Nirmal Dass (Leuven, 2007).

Al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, trans. Philip Hitti (New York, 1916).

Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, History of the Journey to Jerusalem, ed. and trans. Susan B. Edgington (Oxford, 2007).

Alcuin, Alcuin of York—his life and letters, ed. and trans. Stephen Allot (York, 1974).

Alexander of Telese, The History of the Most Serene Roger, first King of Sicily, in Roger II and the Creation of the Kingdom of Sicily, trans. and ed. Graham Loud (Manchester, 2012), 63-129.

Al-Idrisi, Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula, ed. Michele Amari (2 vols, Turin, 1880-1881), I, 30-133.

Al-Idrisi, La première geographie de l’Occident, trans. Jaubert, eds Henri Bresc and Annliese Nef (Paris, 1999).

Al-Nuwayri, Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula, ed. Michele Amari (2 vols, Turin, 1880-1881), II, 110-160.

Amari, Michele, ed. and trans. Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula (2 vols, Turin, 1880-1881).

Amatus of Montecassino, The History of the Normans, trans. Prescott N. Dunbar, revised Graham Loud (Woodbridge, 2004).

Ambroise, The History of the Holy War: Ambroise’s Estoire de la Guerre Saint, ed. and trans. Marianne Ailes and Malcolm Barber (2 vols, Woodbridge, 2003).

Andrea Dandolo, Chronica Per Extensum Descripta, ed. Ester Pastorello (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, vol. XII, Bologna 1938-1942).

Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, trans. and ed. Michael Swanton (London, 1996).

Anna Comnena, The Alexiad of Anna Comnena, trans. E.R.A. Sewter (London, 1969).

Annales Barenses, ed. Georg Pertz (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, V, Hanover, 1844), 51-56.

Annales Beneventani, ed. Georg Pertz (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, III,Hanover, 1839), 173-185.

Annales Casinenses, a. 1000-1212, ed. Georg Pertz, (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, XIX, Hanover, 1866), 303-320.

Annales Cavenses, ed. Georg Pertz (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, III, Hanover, 1839), 185-197.

Annales Erphesfurtenses, ed. Georg Pertz (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, VI, Hanover, 1844), 536-541.

Annalista Saxo, ed. Klaus Nass (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, XXXVII, Hanover, 2006).

Annalisti Ignoti (‘Unknown Annalists’), Annali Genovesi di Caffaro e dei suoi Continuatori, VI, trans. Giovanni Monleone (Genoa, 1929).

Annals of Fulda, trans. Timothy Reuter (Manchester, 1992).

Annals of St-Bertin, trans. Janet Nelson (Manchester, 1991).

Annals of Ulster (To A.D. 1131), ed. and trans. Seán Mac Airt and Gearóid Mac Niocaill (Dublin, 1983).

Anonimo genovese: Poesie, trans. Luciana Cocito (Rome, 1970).

Anthony Roll of Henry VIII’s Navy, eds C.S. Knighton and D.M. Loades (Cambridge, 2000).

Ari Thorgilsson, Íslendingabók — Kristni Saga (‘The Book of the Icelanders – Story of the Conversion’), trans. Sían Grønlie (London, 2006).

Asser, Life of King Alfred, in Alfred the Great, ed. and trans. Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge (London, 1983), 65-110.

Baha’ al-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D.S. Richards (Aldershot, 2002).

Bartolomeo di Neocastro, Historia Sicula, in Cronisti e scrittori sincroni napoletani editi e inediti, ed. Giuseppe del Re (2 vols, Naples, 1868).

Benjamin of Tudela, The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, ed. Marcus Adler (London, 1907).

Bernard of Clairvaux, The Letters of St Bernard of Clairvaux, trans. Bruno James (London, 1953).

Bernardo Maragone, Gli annales Pisani di Bernardo Maragone, ed. Michele Gentile (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, 2nd edn, Bologna, 1936).

Bernat Desclot, Chronicle of the Reign of King Pedro III of Aragon, A.D. 1276-1285, trans. F.L. Critchlow (Princeton, 1928).

British Naval Documents, 1204-1960, eds John Hattendorf, R.J.B. Knight, A.W.H. Pearsall, N.A.M. Rodger and Geoffrey Till (Aldershot, 1993).

Caffaro, Annales Ianuenses, Annali genovesi di Caffaro e de’ suoi continuatori dal MXCIX al MCCXCIII, eds Luigi Belgrano and Cesare Imperiale di Sant’Angelo (5 vols, Fonti per la storia d’Italia, Genoa, 1890-1929).

Cambridge Chronicle, Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula, ed. Michele Amari (2 vols, Turin, 1880-1881), I, 277-293.

Carmen in victoriam Pisanorum, ed. H.E.J. Cowdrey, ‘The Mahdia Campaign of 1087’, The English Historical Review, CCCLXII (1977), 1-29, especially 24-29.

Chronica Ignoti Monachi Cisterciensis S. Mariae de Ferraria, ed. Augusto Gaudenzi (Società Napoletana di Storia Patria, Monumenti Storici, ser. I, Napoli, 1888).

Chronica Monasterii Casinensis, ed. Hartmut Hoffmann (Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scriptores, XXXIV, Hanover, 1980).

Chronographia regum Francorum, ed. Henri Moranvillé (2 vols, Paris, 1897).

Codice Diplomatico della Repubblica di Genova, ed. Cesare Imperiale di Sant’Angelo (3 vols, Fonti per la storia d’Italia, Rome, 1936-1942).

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, De Administrando Imperio, ed. GY. Moravcsik and trans. R.J.H. Jenkins (Washington D.C., 1967).

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, De Cerimoniis aulae byzantinae, Bk. II, Ch. 44 and 45, ed. and trans. John Haldon, in ‘Theory and practice in tenth-century military administration: Chapters II, 44 and 45 of the Book of Ceremonies’, Travaux et Memoires, 13 (2000), 201-352.

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, De Cerimoniis aulae byzantinae, Bk. II, Ch. 44 and 45, ed. and trans. Elizabeth Jeffreys, The Age of ΔPOMΩN (Dromōn), The Byzantine Navy ca 500-1204 (Leiden, 2006), Appendix IV, 547-570.

Daniele da Chinazzo, Cronaca della Guerra di Chioggia, ed. Giulio Antimaco (Milan, 1864).

Doukas, Decline and Fall of Byzantium to the Ottoman Turks (Historia Turco-Byzantina), trans. Harry Magoulias (Detroit, 1975).

Dudo of St Quentin, History of the Normans, trans. Eric Christiansen (Woodbridge, 1998).

Eadmer, The Life of Saint Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, trans. Richard Southern (London, 1962).

Einhard, Vita Karoli Magni, in Charlemagne’s Coutier, The Complete Einhard, ed. and trans. Paul Dutton (Toronto, 1998).

Encomium Emmae Reginae, ed. Alistair Campbell (London, 1949).

Eracles or Acre continuation of William of Tyre (Eracles Book 33, chapters 44-62 and Book 34, chapters 1-4), in Crusader Syria in the Thirteenth Century, trans. Janet Shirley (Farnham, 1999), 121-143.

Erchempert, Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum, ed. Georg Waitz (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum et Italicarum, Hanover, 1878), 231-264.

Eustathios of Thessaloniki, The Capture of Thessaloniki, trans. J. Melville Jones (Canberra, 1988).

Falco of Benevento, Chronicle, in Roger II and the Creation of the Kingdom of Sicily, trans. and ed. Graham Loud (Manchester, 2012), 130-249.

Felix Fabri, The Book of the Wanderings of Brother Felix Fabri in Palestine and Arabia, trans. Aubrey Stewart (2 vols, London, 1892).

Filangieri, Riccardo, ed., I registri della cancellaria angioina (33 vols, Naples, 1950-1981).

Florence of Worcester, The Chronicle of Florence of Worcester, trans. Thomas Forester (London, 1854).

Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095-1127, trans. Francis Rita Ryan and ed. Harold Fink (Knoxville, 1969).

Geoffrey Le Baker, Chronicon, ed. Edward Maunde Thompson (Oxford, 1889).

Geoffrey Malaterra, The Deeds of Count Roger of Calabria and Sicily and of his Brother Duke Robert Guiscard, trans. Kenneth Baxter Wolf (Ann Arbor, 2005).

Geoffroy de Villehardouin, The Conquest of Constantinople, in Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. M.R.B. Shaw (London, 1963).

Gesta Francorum. The Deeds of the Franks and the other Pilgrims to Jerusalem, ed. and trans. Rosalind Hill (Oxford, 1962).

Gesta Henrici Quinti: The Deeds of the Henry the Fifth, trans. Frank Taylor and John Roskell (Oxford, 1975).

Giorgio Stella, Genuenses, ed. Ludovico Muratori (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, XVII, pt. 2, Rome, 1730).

Giovanni Villani, Chroniche Fiorentine (Villani’s Chronicle, Being Selections from the First Nine Books), trans. Rose Selfe (London, 1906).

Giovanni Villani, Cronica, ed. Francesco Dragomanni (4 vols, Florence, 1845).

Grandes chroniques de France, ed. Jules Viard (10 vols, Societe d’histoire de France, Paris, 1937).

Gregory of Tours, The History of the Franks, trans. Lewis Thorpe (London, 1974).

Guillaume Le Breton, Oeuvres de Rigord et de Guillaume Le Breton, ed. H.F. Delaborde (2 vols, Paris, 1882-1885).

Gutierre Diaz de Gamez, The Unconquered Knight, A Chronicle of the Deeds of Don Pero Niño, Count of Buelna, trans. Joan Evans (Woodbridge, 2004, first edn 1928).

Guy of Amiens, Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, trans. Frank Barlow (Oxford, 1999).

Haji Khalifeh, The History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks, trans. James Mitchell (London, 1831).

Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. and trans. Diana Greenway (Oxford, 1996).

Histoire des Ducs de Normandie et des Rois d’Angleterre, ed. Francisque Michel (Paris, 1840).

Historia ducum Veneticorum, ed. Henry Simonsfeld (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, XIV, Hanover, 1883), 72-97.

History of William Marshal, ed. and trans. A.J. Holden, S. Gregory, D. Crouch (3 vols, London, 2004).

‘Hugo Falcandus’, The History of the Tyrants of Sicily, 1154-69, trans. and annotated Graham Loud and Thomas Wiedemann (Manchester, 1998).

Huillard-Bréholles, Jean-Louis-Alphonse, ed., Historia Diplomatica Friderici Secundi (6 vols in 12 parts, Paris, 1852-1861).

Iacopo da Varagine, Cronaca di Genova, ed. Giovanni Monleone (3 vols, Rome, 1941).

Ibn abi Dinar, Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula, ed. Michele Amari (2 vols, Turin, 1880-1881), II, 273-297.

Ibn al-Athir, Annales du Maghreb et de l’Espagne, 22-603 de l’Hegire/642-1207 ap. J.-C., trans. Edmond Fagnan (Algiers, 1901, reprinted 2007).

Ibn al-Athir, Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula, ed. Michele Amari (2 vols, Turin, 1880-1881), I, 353-507.

Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh, Part I, The Years 491-541/1097-1146: The Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response, ed. and trans. D.S. Richards (Aldershot, 2006).

Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh, Part II, The Years 541-589/1146-1193: The Age of Nur al-Din and Saladin, ed. and trans. D.S. Richards (Aldershot, 2007).

Ibn al-Athir, The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi’l-Ta’rikh, Part III, The Years 589-629/1193-1231: The Ayyubids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace, ed. and trans. D.S. Richards (Aldershot, 2008).

Ibn-al-Qalanisi, The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades, trans. H.A.R. Gibb (London, 1967).

Ibn Battutah, The Travels of Ibn Battutah (Rihla), trans. H.A.R. Gibb and Charles Beckingham, ed. Tim Mackintosh-Smith (London, 2002).

Ibn Idhari, (Al-Bayan), Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula, ed. Michele Amari (2 vols, Turin, 1880-1881), II, 1-40.

Ibn Jubayr, The Travels of Ibn Jubayr (Rihla), trans. Roland Broadhurst (London, 1952).

Ibn Khaldun, Biblioteca Arabo-Sicula, ed. Michele Amari (2 vols, Turin, 1880-1881), II, 163-243.

Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddimah, trans. Franz Rosenthal (Princeton, 1967).

Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade, trans. Helen Nicholson (Aldershot, 1997).

James I of Aragon, The Book of Deeds of James I of Aragon (Llibre dels Fets), trans. Damian Smith and Helena Buffery (Farnham, 2003).

Jean Froissart, Chronicles, trans. Geoffrey Brereton (London, 1968).

Jean de Joinville, Life of Saint Louis, in Chronicles of the Crusades, trans. M.R.B. Shaw (London, 1963).

John the Deacon, Chronicon Venetum, Cronache Veneziane Antichissime, ed. Giovanni Monticolo (Fonti per la storia d’Italia, IX, Rome, 1890), 55-171.

John the Deacon, Gesta Episcoporum Neapolitanorum, ed. Georg Waitz (Monumenta Germanie Historica, Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum , VI-IX, Hanover, 1878).

John Kaminiates, The Capture of Thessaloniki, trans. David Frendo and Athanasios Fotiou (Perth, 2000).

John Kinnamos, Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus, trans. Charles Brand (New York, 1976).

John Skylitzes, A Synopsis of Byzantine History 811-1057, trans. John Wortley (Cambridge, 2010).

Julius Caesar, The Gallic War, trans. H.J. Edwards (Cambridge, Mass., 1917).

Kritovoulos, History of Mehmed the Conqueror, trans. Charles Riggs (Princeton, 1954).

Landnámabók, The Book of the Settlements, trans. Herman Pálsson and Paul Edwards (Winnipeg, 1972).

Leo the Deacon, The History of Leo the Deacon (Byzantine Military Expansion in the Tenth Century), trans. Alice-Mary Talbot and Dennis Sullivan (Washington D. C., 2005).

Leo VI, The Naval Warfare of the Emperor Leo, ed. and trans. Elizabeth Jeffreys, The Age of ΔPOMΩN (Dromōn), The Byzantine Navy ca 500-1204 (Leiden, 2006), Appendix II, 483-519.

Leo VI, Taktika, trans. George Dennis (Washington, D.C., 2010).

Libelle of Englyshe Polycye, ed. George A. Warner (Oxford, 1926).

Liber maiolichinus de gestis Pisanorum illustribus, ed. Carlo Calisse (Rome, 1904).

Liudprand of Cremona, The Works of Liudprand of Cremona, trans. F.A. Wright (London, 1930).

Lupus Protospatarius, Annales, ed. Georg Pertz (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, V, Hanover, 1844), 51-63.

Marchiso Scriba, Annales Ianuenses, Annali genovesi di Caffaro e de’ suoi continuatori dal MXCIX al MCCXCIII, eds Luigi Belgrano and Cesare Imperiale di Sant’Angelo (5 vols, Fonti per la storia d’Italia, Genoa, 1890-1929), II, 156-202.

Marino Sanudo Torsello, The Book of the Secrets of the Faithful of the Cross (Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis), trans. Peter Lock (Farnham, 2011).

Martino Da Canale, Les Estoires de Venise: Cronaca veneziana in linqua francese dalle origini al 1275, ed. Alberto Limentani (Civiltà veneziana. Fonti e testi, 12, ser. III, Florence, 1972).

Matteo Villani, Cronica, ed. Francesco Dragomanni (2 vols, Florence, 1846).

Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum sive ut vulgo dicitur historia minor, ed. Frederic Madden (3 vols, Roll Series, London, 1866-1869).

Matthew Paris, English History: from the year 1235 to 1273, trans. J.A. Allen (3 vols, London, 1852-1854).

Maurice, Strategikon, trans. George Dennis (Philadelphia, 1984).

Michael Psellus, Fourteen Byzantine Rulers, trans. E.R.A. Sewter (London, 1953).

Michael of Rhodes, The Book of Michael of Rhodes, A Fifteenth-Century Maritime Manuscript, eds Pamela Long, David McGee and Alan Stahl (3 vols, Cambridge, Mass., 2009).

Muhammad ibn Mankali, Al-adilla al-rasmiyya fi ’l-ta‘abi al-harbiyya and Al-ahkam al-mulukiyya wa ’l-dawabit al-namusiyya, trans. Ahmad Shboul, The Age of ΔPOMΩN (Dromōn), The Byzantine Navy ca 500-1204 (Leiden, 2006), Appendix VIII, 645-666.

Naval warfare commissioned by Basil, the patrikios and parakoimōmenos, ed. and trans. Elizabeth Jeffreys, The Age of ΔPOMΩN (Dromōn), The Byzantine Navy ca 500-1204 (Leiden, 2006), Appendix III, 521-545.

Niccolo Speciale, Rerum Sicularum, ed. Ludovico Muratori (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, X, Milan, 1727).

Nikephoros Ouranos, On fighting at sea, ed. and trans. Elizabeth Jeffreys, The Age of ΔPOMΩN (Dromōn), The Byzantine Navy ca 500-1204 (Leiden, 2006), Appendix V, 571-605.

Nikephoros, Patriarch of Constantinople, Short History, ed. and trans. Cyril Mango (Washington, D.C., 1990).

Niketas Choniates, O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates, trans. Harry Magoulias (Detroit, 1984).

Nithard, Histories, in Carolingian Chronicles, trans. Bernhard Walter Scholz with Barbara Rogers (Ann Arbor, 1972), 127-174.

Odo of Deuil, De Profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem, ed. and trans. Virginia Berry (New York, 1948).

Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. Marjorie Chibnall (6 vols, Oxford, 1969-80).

Ogerio Pane, Annales Ianuenses, Annali genovesi di Caffaro e de’ suoi continuatori dal MXCIX al MCCXCIII, eds Luigi Belgrano and Cesare Imperiale di Sant’Angelo (5 vols, Fonti per la storia d’Italia, Genoa, 1890-1929), II, 67-154.

Oliver of Paderborn, The Capture of Damietta, trans. Joseph Gavigan, in Christian Society and the Crusades, 1198-1229, ed. Edward Peters (Philadelphia, 1948), 49-139.

Ottobono Scriba, Annales Ianuenses, Annali genovesi di Caffaro e de’ suoi continuatori dal MXCIX al MCCXCIII, eds Luigi Belgrano and Cesare Imperiale di Sant’Angelo (5 vols, Fonti per la storia d’Italia, Genoa, 1890-1929), II, 3-66.

Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. Charles Mierow (New York, 1953).

Pere III of Catalonia, Chronicle, trans. and ed. Mary Hillgarth and J.N. Hillgarth (2 vols, Toronto, 1980).

Peter Tudebode, Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere, trans. John and Laurita Hill (Philadelphia, 1974).

Peter of Eboli, Liber ad honorem Augusti sive de rebus Siculis, Codex 120 II der Burgerbibliothek Bern, eds Theo Kolser and Marlis Stahli, trans. Gereon Becht-Jördens (Sigmaringen, 1994).

Philip of Novara, The Wars of Frederick II against the Ibelins in Syria and Cyprus, trans. John La Monte with Merton Jerome Hubert (New York, 1936).

Procopius, History of the Wars, trans. H.B. Dewing (4 vols, London, 1916).

Ralph of Caen, The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen, A History of the Normans on the First Crusade, trans. Bernard Bachrach and David Bachrach (Aldershot, 2005).

Ramon Muntaner, The Chronicle of Muntaner, trans. Lady Goodenough (2 vols, London, 1920-21).

Raol Osbernus, De expugnatione Lyxbonensi (The Conquest of Lisbon), trans. Charles Wendell David (NewYork, 1936).

Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem, trans. John Hill and Laurita Hill (Philadelphia, 1968).

Regesta regni Hierosolymitani 1097-1291, ed. Reinhold Röhricht (Innsbruck, 1893); Additamentum (Innsbruck, 1904).

Regino of Prüm, Chronicle, in History and Politics in late Carolingian and Ottonian Europe, trans. Simon MacLean (Manchester, 2009), 61-231.

Richard of San Germano, Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Notarii Chronica, ed. Carlo Garufi (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, 2nd edn, Bologna, 1938), 3-25.

Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, trans. Edgar H. McNeal (New York, 1936).

Roger of Howden, The Annals of Roger de Hoveden, trans. Henry Riley (2 vols, London, 1853).

Roger of Wendover, Flowers of History (The History of England from the Descent of the Saxons to A.D. 1235), trans. J.A. Giles (2 vols, London, 1849).

Romuald of Salerno, Romualdi Salernitani Chronicon, ed. Carlo Garufi (Rerum Italicarum Scriptores, 2nd edn, vol. VII, Città di Castello, 1935).

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